Showing posts with label English Bible Booklet. Show all posts
Showing posts with label English Bible Booklet. Show all posts

Monday, March 26, 2012

GOODBYE AMERICA, HELLO AFRICA

Chapter 1

It was the year 1953. Bob and Phyllis, with their one year old daughter, Kathy and her six week old sister Ruth, had arrived in New York a few days before the steamship, African Enterprise, a combination cargo and passenger ship, was scheduled to sail for Cape town, South Africa. They arrived in their Chevrolet carryall with virtually all their worldly goods packed in trunks and cases. The vehicle and most of the luggage had to be at the dock the day before sailing. Fortunately Bob had been to New York before as a summer intern with the Go Ye Chapel Mission, so finding the dock was not a problem, not to say that there were no problems. There were! This particular ship had been selected because it had a doctor and a nurse aboard. They would be needed! Baby Ruth had been ill on the trip, so while Bob took everything to the dock, Phyllis took Ruth to a doctor. He took one look at her limp feverish little body, and said. "She has pneumonia." She should have been hospitalized, but didn't the ship have a doctor, a nurse, and a sick bay? Bob had been a sailor, and even the ship he had been on had a sick bay and a doctor. Wrong!. No one said he had to be a good doctor. He took one look and promptly said, "I don't know anything about babies. Give her an aspirin." Praise to the Lord, the nurse walking right behind him, took compassion and was very helpful. We were eighteen days at sea, but eventually docked at Cape Town.

It had been Bob's first crossing of the equator, so he was initiated by "King Neptune" and ceremoniously tossed into the ship's pool on the way. Being an ex-navy man, it was assumed that he would be used to the sea, but as the ship neared Cape town, they were wakened in the night to find the baby crib sliding about. The ship was passing over the undersea mountains, that mark the junction of the Indian and the Atlantic Oceans. The strong currents caused heavy rolling and pitching of the ship. As soon as it cleared the breakwater into the bay all was calm. That was good, but the bad side is that Bob's sea sickness always lasts a good day afterwards. They were met by Bernard Barron, the minister of a Cape town church, and soon cleared the formalities of arriving, and were quickly taken to the Andrew Murray Missionary Home at the foot of Table Mountain. It was a few days before the car was cleared and a missionary arrived by train to escort them to their first destination, Kimberley several hundred miles north, all by gravel and potholed roads at that time.

It was cold and rainy in Cape town their entire stay, and the room they were given was even colder as well as dark and damp. Ruth was still very ill and the doctor in Cape town instructed that she should be taken off her formula and put on sweetened weak tea for a while. It worked wonders, and she soon began to recover. God had heard our prayers and granted them.

Chapter 2

OUR SAFARI NORTHWARD

Our “trek” to the north could easily be called a “safari” with a clear conscience. The scenery was spectacular, reminding us of that which we had seen in New Mexico. We learned later that the area was called the “Karoo,” a semi-desert to us. In America it would probably be called a desert, though there were farms, some times twenty miles apart, or even more. The roads were very poorly maintained of gravel and filled with potholes and corrugations. Everyone drove at the “Safe and reasonable” legal speed, usually something like seventy miles an hour as at that speed you only hit the tops of the corrugations. Go any slower and you were almost literally shaken apart. The dust was unbearable. As there were no fences, it was necessary to keep a close watch to see that that there were no sheep or cattle on the road. This was particularly important at night when animals often lay down on the road to sleep. Since the only fences were usually at the perimeter of the farm, all traffic had to stop there to open, and be sure to close, the gates. Clouds of dust always announced that a car was coming, so when there were African houses near the gate, there would nearly always be a group of little children who came running to open the gates and beg for pennies. It was several years before these roads were eventually asphalted and, cattle gates replaced the older farm gates. Those were just moved to one side to allow animal drawn carts and wagons to pass through. This dust was particularly bad for poor little Ruth’s well being. As this first leg of our trip was several hundred miles, we stopped at hotels for our meals and at the half way mark, for the night. We only arrived in Kimberley at the end of the second day. There we spent a few days in the home of Bill and Melba Rees. It was Bill who was showing us the way. Though there were not many places one could really go wrong, there were forks in the road and very few signs. Those signs had all been the favorite targets for the entertainment of bored drivers, and many of them were badly damaged by gunfire.

Kimberley, a small city, had two of our missionary families, the Rees family, and that of Max Ward Randall. The mission work had originated and spread through the coming and going of the African workers in the mine compounds about fifty years before and it was at Kimberley that the first school for the training of African ministers was then being established. Prior to that, these ministers were never trained at all or came from denominational backgrounds. Kimberley itself, was the result of diamond having been discovered near there years before. Off course there was great diamond rush, which drew people from all over the world to that lonely spot where they set up a tent city in the old wild west fashion of America. It was, and is still, rather a cosmopolitan city made up of English or Afrikaans speaking Europeans, and Xhosa, Tswana, and a smattering of Zulu speaking Africans. To lend variety, there were also the Griquas, the Coloureds, and the Indians, and Chinese. The Chinese were at first brought from China to work underground in the mines since the local Africans were not happy to go underground at first. The Indians had been brought from India to work in the sugar cane plantations near the Indian Ocean coast, because the Africans were terrified of the snakes and scorpions that thrived in that dense growth. That is understandable, Africa's snakes are deadly, black or green mambas, “boom-slungs“, vipers, cobras, and adders, all of them deadly, while the rock python is also common though not poisonous.

The Randalls, at that time, worked mainly with the African, Griqua, and Coloured peoples, and the Rees family with the Chinese. After a few years they, returned to China to work in Hong Kong. For Ruth's sake, we rested a few days before we continued our trip, this time westward, to the other side of the South West Africa border where the road turned north again. Our goal was Windhoek the capital of South West Africa, now called Namibia, having been named after one of the African tribes who live there.

Chapter 3

WINDHOEK

NO ROOM AT THE INN

Traveling on to the west, we had passed through Griqualand, and Griquatown. This is where Livingstone had centered much of his early work. He met and married Mary Moffat the daughter of the missionary living at the nearby mission. I would later preach and teach in this same area and once camped under the trees that surround the Moffat mission. The area is filled with limestone and asbestos deposits. The result is clearly shown in the many blind Africans who are blinded by the lime dust, and others suffering from breathing problems from breathing asbestos dust. I learned there that the beautiful "Tiger's Eye" semi-precious stones, are really asbestos ore. It makes a beautiful polished gem, but working with it can cause serious lung damage when you breathe the dust from cutting and polishing it. Water being scarce, the resident Africans often neglect proper protection and sanitary practices.

Farther to the west, an entire mountain of iron ore adds its rusty dust to the air. I understand that magnetic compasses are totally unreliable when flying over that area. At this point one is traveling parallel to the great Orange River and south of the Kalahari Desert, a wasteland of sand dunes, just to the north of the river. I have bad memories of that area. The road I was traveling was filled with large sharp stones and the new extra-heavy duty tires I had fitted to the Chevrolet didn't survive even one day. We limped into Upington having no spare tire, and it was there that I unloaded our heavy trunks and shipped them to my self to be collected at Windhoek. Upington, situated on the Orange River, is a thriving town, even though the summer temperatures often reach far over 100 degrees. One of their major irrigated crops is the growing of various fruits for packing as dried fruit, especially raisins and prunes. The sheep of this area cease to be breeds farmed for wool or meat. Instead they breed Karakul sheep, which are killed when they are just born to make fur coats of their tightly curled black pelts. If they are not killed very young, they lose the tight curls and turn to a dull grey. We skipped Augrabies Falls, mainly because we had never heard of them, and not long after that crossed the border into South West Africa, (German West Africa). There was not even a border-post at this, the only road to go that direction. From there on, the roads deteriorated until they were simply trails that threaded through the scrubby thorn trees. There was no pretense of them being gravel or even having been planned. There were no signs, except perhaps at obvious forks in the road. This is where we turned north again. Gas, called "petrol," was obtained from a steel drums with a measuring pump that was stuck in an opening on the top. Those drums would be found standing in front of the occasional trading store and there might be no sign of life other than that of the manager of the store, or perhaps an isolated farm house. He would certainly not speak English, possibly Afrikaans, but more likely German. They all had in common, the fact that they hated Americans. This was 1953! and the Second World War was not that long past. Toward evening we came to a small village that had a proper gas station and a hotel. They also had a room available in the hotel, so we could all bathe, scrubbing the red dust off and get something to eat, but they had no petrol anywhere. The delivery was expected there only the next morning. Much to our surprise there was petrol after we had breakfast and we were able to continue our journey. This time we were driving between the Kalahari and the Namib deserts.

The Namib is famous in that diamonds lie scattered on it's surface in places, but do not stop and look! It is illegal to look, or to possess a rough diamond anywhere in South Africa if you happened to find one. If you do happen to find one, it belongs to DeBeers Mining Corporation, and you are required to take it to them. They will give you a price, they have set according to size. There are still licensed diggers, as the license can be passed down in the will of the original holder to his family members. Because of that, there are still private diggers working in some areas even today. We made one more interesting stop on the way. That was at Rehoboth. The residents of this Coloured community proudly refer to themselves Bastards. They are of mixed blood, probably German and Nama. We had been warned to carefully count our change and watch our belongings if we had to stop there. We needed petrol, but had no problems, even with the unfamiliar money. There was a wide dry sandy river to be crossed. No problem as long as you kept the car moving and stayed on the right path, but some time previously a heavy truck had been lost in a flash flood there. The owners filed an insurance claim for it's loss, and were refused because it that was usually a dry river. In time, they sent a crew who were instructed to dig the truck out of the sand and recover it. They had the truck nearly clear when the cry went up, "The water is coming". Everyone ran for their lives and all made it with their equipment to higher ground, but when they returned to try a second time the same thing was repeated, and the truck was buried again. This time the equipment was lost as well. And this time the insurance company paid out the claim! Late in the afternoon we rounded a curve, and there was Windhoek, with it's German Castle; one paved street, and even a stop light or two. It had two, or perhaps three hotels. This was the capitol of the country. We stopped at the very first hotel, and there was "No room at the inn." I know how Joseph and Mary must have felt, we too had a tiny baby and no clean bed, fresh water, or supper. They did, however, manage to squeeze us into a tiny room in an alley behind the hotel. I know now it must have been there for the black staff, but it was clean, we could, and did use the communal bath, and we did get food. Praise the Lord. We had arrived at the end of a very long trip. We felt like missionaries at last. This was to be “home”.

Chapter 4

OUR FIRST HOME IN WINDHOEK

Our first home in Windhoek was a few blocks away near the other end of the one paved street. It was a larger hotel. It had no check in desk but the manager, with the register, was at his usual position in the bar off to one side of the entrance. All hotels in Namibia were like this one in that they were registered as a hotel primarily because a liquor license was always given to hotels, no matter how few rooms they might have. This one was not really so bad, however. They gave us a comfortable room near the communal baths. and a door in the passage just near our room opened onto the beer garden. That was really only used in the evenings, so the paved area with trees and flowers was great for Kathy and ourselves to use when the walls seemed to be closing in on us. There was also a small zoo and park next to the post office which was only a short walk up the street. Being the city center, that street was lined by a good selection of small stores and shops. Since the streets were not all named and numbered anywhere other than right in the center of town, we needed to apply for a post office box, and start looking for a proper house as soon as possible. The post box was hopeless. There were none, but they were remodeling the box area and we applied for a box as soon as that was finished. In the meantime you simply asked at the “post restante” counter if there was mail for you. The house search became a matter for urgent prayer and searching. Fortunately, there was an English Newspaper, with mostly Upington news, but it contained smalls adverts. From those, we learned that houses were extremely scarce. Driving around to get the layout of the town in mind, we saw no empty houses anywhere. After a few weeks we were moved across the street to an overflow area of the hotel, where we had a larger room and no bar across the garden, but at the same time we were told that all their rooms were rented a year in advance for the holiday season that was coming up very shortly. We had to be out by then. We knew we would be happy to leave if we could, because we were not happy with the menu available. All the desserts were lased with wine or brandy, blood sausages featured heavily on the menu and they expected us to order from the bar with our meals. The coffee was so strong we could not drink it. In our exploring the town, we had driven across the valley to the black community so we were praying for something near there. That was exactly what the Lord provided. One day the paper listed a shop with a residence attached. It was a renovation in non-progress but suited our needs perfectly. The lease was high, well "exorbitant" might be a better word, but it was available exactly when we needed it and it was on the last street with only a dry stream bed that separated it from the black township. That short street was lined with trading stores offering very basic foods. Our house was on the corner, with a new porch that had been added to the street side, and a small shop added with that. This gave us a chapel, a porch, and a study/store room in that half of the building. A separate entrance on the side led to a tiny living room, a small kitchen, the bath with a cold water shower over the tub, and a basin. Leading off the living room were two bedrooms. All the floors were concrete, and there was no floor at all outside the entrance to this part of the building. The door had no less than four locks or bolts. A short stroll led to the toilet which contained a bucket that was collected by the municipality occasionally to be emptied into the “honey wagon“ sometime during the night. The upper yard was permanently littered with builder‘s rubble, and the lower one sloped to the dry stream bed. We would not have believed it could happen, had we not seen a car actually being swept away in that stream during a torrential rainfall one day. This was to be our home for the next two years.

Chapter 5

IRON BARS DO NOT A PRISON MAKE

It took us only a few days to learn, what the multiple bolts and locks on the door should have told us immediately. There was a reason that all the windows had heavy, about three quarter inch, iron bars. They were not there to keep someone in, but rather to keep everyone out. It was rather a shock to waken in the morning before curtains could be hung, to see a black face peering at us through the glass only about three feet away. Our bed was under the window. I had a tin of kerosene for the stove, and foolishly left it outside so Kathy could not mess with it. That did not last the night until it was stolen as our canvas water bag had been stolen from the car the first night it was left outside the hotel. Strangely enough in those days, no one touched the car itself the whole time we were at Windhoek. It was parked under a tree on the corner of our upper garden, immediately by the street. The fence was even missing there as the builder had taken it down. He also left a great pile of rubble, the home of many scorpions. Not long after we moved in and started to use the shop as a chapel, there was a knock at the door and when I opened it, an African man was standing there. He let it be known that he was there to buy liquor. I am confident that he had been sent by the police to see if we were using the building as a shebeen (an illegal liquor store). It was illegal to sell liquor to the Africans at that time, but that did not stop nearly all the near by shopkeepers from selling it, usually through an open window. I remember watching in shock as a pickup truck was used in a raid on the butcher shop across the street. It was filled with bottles afterwards. To involve us, unaware at that stage as to what was going on, a police lookout had hidden behind our toilet to spy on and report that shop. That did not make for friendly relationships. The manager of the shop next door to us, made it a point to turn his back on us any time we went outdoors. Only the shopkeepers, two sisters, across from where I parked our car, and who did not live on the premises, were the only neighbors to treat us with any form of friendship. I don't think they sold liquor, but they did sell bread, milk, sugar, flour and other necessities and we often bought small items from them. It was from them, that we learned a few German greetings and expressions. We did our weekly grocery and meat shopping in town. At the butcher shop we mainly had to point at what we wanted as they had different names for many things. We wanted hamburger meat, and it took a while to discover that it is called "minced-meat". In those days most of the meat was cut from a carcass that was hanging on a hook in the open shop. A cleaver, and a knife were used to hack off the piece you wanted. Our grocers was a very small shop with counters and all the food was displayed on shelves behind them, however the Jewish grocer soon made us welcome and suggested that we come behind the counter and select what we wanted and just set it on the counter. He offered that after we wanted a can of creamed corn which he knew as a tin of "mealies", never mind what it said on the label. Fruit and vegetables came from the "green grocer's" shop or the open market. In some of the other stores we got the cold shoulder, when the attendant simply turned and walked away. Our first Sunday in Windhoek, while we were still living in the hotel, we went to the Methodist church services as they were the only English services we could find and were just around the corner. We soon learned that even if the words were similar, the tune was usually quite different, and even if the people did speak English, they ignored us completely. After that, even in the hotel, we had our own communion service and Prayer and Bible reading. I was reminded of Paul when he first came to Philippi. The Lord led him out to the river side where he found a group of women who gathered there for prayer. That was where he met Lydia and her fellow workers.

Chapter 6

STRANGE VIEWS FROM OUR BEDROOM WINDOW

The only window in our bedroom faced the stream bed and across the valley to the township beyond. Through we learned many different and interesting things. On our first night there had been a death nearby so there was a wake that lasted all night. That is a custom common to all African peoples. Of course it prevents the very common rats from getting at the body, but it is also a part of the ritual. Later in South Africa we became accustomed to African funerals and learned of the tradition that the widow must huddle in a corner of the room beneath a blanket until the funeral is conducted, that a candle must be burning by the head and foot of the body, and that the shovels that dug the grave and will be used to cover it cover it must be ritually washed afterwards before the feast that is inevitably served. It was more in curiosity rather than being disturbed that we listened to the singing that continued all night in our home. They sang these hymns softly, all night long. This was a first lesson in African culture. Another strange thing was that there seem to be a lot of activity going on in the open area under the thorn trees. Women came and went with large tins on their heads. They carried everything on their heads. I have seen a woman with spike heeled shoes, others with pails of water, and even one carrying a bedstead. These particular women seemed to be carrying something that they buried under the trees after they had dug up another tin which they carried back home with them. This seemed always to happen at the beginning of the week end. Then it dawned on us, they were bringing a sweet mixture with yeast which they buried and after digging up the tins they had placed there the week before. With the hot temperature, the sugar and the yeast, and what ever else it might contain, this was their personal "brewery" in action, African style. No one would arrest them for this. This was another lesson in African culture. Don't drink just whatever is set before you. On another day, a very strange many legged "creature" crept across the horizon of the far ridge distance. It was rather bewildering to see a house, one of the tin shacks really, that appeared to have sprouted legs and was walking away. It was a medium size structure, probably a little smaller than a single garage, but a group of people, probably men as their bare legs showed from above the knees down, had walked inside, picked it up and were carrying it to a new place. This was moving day African style.

Chapter 7

IDENTIFIED BY THE CLOTHING

That old man over there under the thorn tree is a Bushman, that is clear for everything he is wearing is self made out of the skins of the animals he has killed, from the leather of his loin cloth, to the headdress and the carved bits and pieces. The naked and semi-naked little boys with him are probably members of his family, for the Bushmen live in small family units as nomadic people living off the land. They are usually short and scrawny with a pronounced hollow back and to clinch it, they their language seems to be mostly composed of "clicks". I remember how amazed a Xhosa man from South Africa was when he first heard them speaking with one another. His own language has two or three different types of clicks in it, but he had never heard so many variations of what sounds like just an ordinary "click" to the untrained ear. Bushmen are expert trackers as they live entirely off the land in a very dry desert part of the land. They often store water in empty ostridge egg shells. Using a small tube they draw a few drops of water from what appears to be dry land, then they release it into the shell until it is filled, stop the hole, and bury it where they can find it later. That becomes a very precious store of water for later needs. That white man on yonder, even in the dead of winter, is still wearing very briefly cut leather shorts with decorated leather straps. You know he is a German youth by what he is wearing. While the group of women across the street wearing impressive cotton "Victorian" dresses as the missionaries did many years ago are Ovambos. Their multiple layered skirts touch the ground, and the tight bodice and carefully fitted mutton sleeves identify them. Their turbans are immaculate and very high and impressively made. They will run if they see the camera, for they believe that if you take a picture of them, you are stealing their souls. The picture that looks like them is their proof. They all have hand cranked Singer sewing machines which they use to make those mutton sleeves, fitted waists, and flowing skirts. I am told that they do not use a pattern. Apparently they wear very little under those skirts because they use them as portable shelters and spread them around themselves when they stop for a toilet stop absolutely anywhere. I once found someone had used a large stone right beside my front gate. These people consider they are Christians because they wear those dresses. The early missionaries wore dresses like that. Unfortunately they remember the clothing, not the lives. That other group with the sloppy turbans and shorter dresses, not fitted so closely are Namas. Their lighter complexion, and slanted eyes make them appear like Chinese, perhaps Mongolia but so far as I know there is no connection. The ones who wear current European styles of clothing, and have a lighter complexion are probably Basters. They are called Coloureds in South Africa. They have a mixture of race and may speak one of the white languages, German, Afrikaans, or perhaps even English. Their housing also identifies them. You would find that the Bushman lives in a hut, constructed of sticks. The breeze can blow right through it for it is mostly a sun shade and place to keep their very meager belongings. Since they live in family units and move about constantly, they just build a new shelter when they decide to stay in one place for a while. The Ovambos and the Namas live in small huts appearing to be made mostly out of flattened paraffin (kerosene) tins. They nail these onto a simple frame. Most of them look brown because of the rust. There are no windows, and the door is very simple and small as the whole building is very temporary. They serve as a place to store a few belongings including their precious sewing machines. They live mostly outside under the thorn trees. The Basters emulate the Europeans not only in their dress, but also in their homes and the languages they speak. Many of them are educated and train to be teachers, nurses, or builders. It was among them that we made our first contacts, and It was among them that we found the best response to the gospel.

Chapter 8

HOW WE STARTED

Our furnishings while we lived in Windhoek were very few. We had no bedroom furniture at all, and we slept on a folding couch in the living room. The kitchen had a table and four chairs, and I seem to remember an old refrigerator. We bought everything we had from a second hand store. The chapel was a different matter. As soon as we had a few chairs and had accessed our trunks and supplies, we started turning the lights on in the chapel, set up a flannel-graph tripod with a basic scene on it, and at the same time each evening we opened the door wide and set a record player out on the porch. Then we turned it up loud, in fact very loud, with a speaker directed toward the nearest African houses. The record was of hymns played on the chimes. Chimes carry and they had to compete with "Mocking Bird Hill" that was blasting from the beer hall a quarter mile away. After that record was finished, we started with our own devotions and prayers. At first, no one else came, but we were being heard, and unknown to us, being watched and listened to. The music attracted them. We were beginning to be despondent about what else we could do with our language difference, and one evening decided to have our devotions in our own kitchen. When nothing happened in the chapel that night, we were startled to hear a timid knock on the door. Behold there was a small cluster of children there. They wanted to know, weren't we having Bible. The oldest girl, Fredrika Pieterson, a young coloured lady and her brothers and sisters and their friends had been listening and watching from the dark street as there were no street lights in the area. This was the start we had been praying for. A few weeks later a school teacher offered to interpret for us and to give us Afrikaans lessons. We were exuberant. From that start, the young group grew and grew so I bought wood and built simple benches for the chapel. We expanded our lessons to include a Saturday afternoon time using vacation Bible School type lessons with handwork. And were learning a little Afrikaans. We also met and made friends with one of the ministers from the area. When the group began to grow, we naturally caught the attention of others as well, and the devil got involved We were being too successful. The weakness was that there was only one school available to these children, and they all attended there. That school was a mission school operated by the Rhenish Lutheran Church. At first they merely threatened the children, but when that did not stop them, they started to beat anyone ho came to us and threatened expulsion from the school. Our interpreter turned out to be a police spy, as several politically activated missionaries were investigated and two priests were expelled from the country. About that time the shopkeeper beside us rented an outbuilding in his yard facing our home to a teacher from the school who moved in there solely to write down the names of all the children who came to our services. They were to be expelled if they did not cease. Of course, the parents stopped their children from coming to us, and I decided it was time to make a greater effort to contact English speaking adults who would not be intimidated so easily. I wrote and using a hand operated stencil machine printed copies of a basic lesson series of studies. To get them into the hands of English speakers, I placed an advertisement.

Chapter 9

ANOTHER WAY TO REACH OUT

Knowing that we needed to contact adults, I bought a small hand cranked Gestetner stencil printer, prepared a series of correspondence Bible lessons in English, and placed a one column 2" advertisement in "Bona" and "Drum" magazines. I chose a magazine because people don't throw magazines away the way they do a newspaper. Both Bona and Drum are black, English language magazines. Both are very popular in Africa. What I did not know is that they are published in several editions. Those two adverts were placed in all of them, and they reached out to South Africa, South West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, both Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, and the Gold Coast, and even beyond. Those are all of the British Commonwealth and have English as an official language. After a slow start, the requests rolled in. We had invitations to come to their countries. Two new mission fields were actually to open because of that decision. God had led in this! That was how Bob became a self taught "printer and publisher" Soon the Gestetner had to be replaced by an electric printer followed by larger and larger offset presses. In time we made a "roll back" to another stencil machine, but this time to a electronic, computerized Risograph. That is a whole new story to be dwelt with later. At this early stage, Bob sent for a man to come from the new Preacher Training School in Kimberley, to hold a meeting and advise us as to what should be done about Windhoek.. Nick Qwemesha came during the Christmas Summer break at the school. It had been arranged that he would stay in the home of the minister of African Methodist Episcopal church, perhaps a quarter a mile away. He and his family were to be out of town that week. That was arranged because it was illegal for Nick to stay in the home of a white family. Those were Apartheid Years and, as foreigners, we could expect to be under surveillance. The second day he was there, Nick came to the Mission, cap-in-hand and asked to be allowed to stay with us. Even the little children were drunk in the township, and I am sure that he was frightened to stay there. We took him in and made a plan for him to sleep in the chapel, though there was not even one spare bed anywhere on the property. I think he put the benches together and put a mattress pad and blanket on them. He was much happier, and we came to know a really life long friend. Many years later when he died his family phoned to ask me to come preach his funeral, and His widow traveled hundreds of miles primarily to see us when we returned to Africa to be at the wedding of one of our grand daughters. Nick was very upset that there was no telephone in our house on the very edge of the township. When even the tiny ones who came to the meetings had obviously been drinking, he made it very clear that we should leave as soon as our lease expired and come and become a teacher in the Preacher Training School in Kimberley where he would be my interpreter. Phyllis had our two older girls and by that time Donna had just been born, so she and the children flew from Windhoek to Kimberley and I followed by road retracing the route we had followed two years before. This time I knew where I was going and what to expect. A new phase, a new home, and new friends lay ahead. We were to spend a happy twelve years in Kimberley before the Lord led us to the industrial heart of Africa, Johannesburg.

Saturday, February 28, 2009

CHILDREN OF GOD, LOVE ONE ANOTHER

BOB MILLS

The story is told of a German philosopher who was stumbling through the famous Tiergarden of Berlin. He was deep in thought and shabbily dressed and the caretaker suspected that he must be a hobo who had wandered in. He stopped him and asked him, “Who are you> ” and “Where are you going? “ Startled from his thoughts the elderly man who had been asking himself the same questions, replied, “I don’t know. I wish someone would tell me.”

There is no reason for any Christian to be confused about these questions. The answer is in our Bible. The answers are, “I am a child of God, and I am on my way to heaven.”

Our Lord is not only the author of science and history but he came to save us and set us on the way to our Heavenly home. If you know Jesus, you know who you are and where you are going.

1 John 3: 1-9

1 See how great a love the Father has bestowed on us,

1 John 3:1 : John 3:16; 1 John 4:10

In all religions of man, man is reaching up to god. Here we note right from the start of our text, that in Christianity man is not reaching up to God, but God is reaching down to man. It is because of the great love of the Father he provided a way of salvation that any person can do. Even a child can understand that God loves him and has asked him to believe that Jesus is His Son and be obedient to him.

Not only does God make a way for man to be saved, but He adopts those who also do what he instructs, into his own family and will share his home with them.

that we would be called children of God; and such we are

1 John 3:1 : John 1:12, John 11:52, Romans 8:16, John 3:2, 10

For this reason the world does not know us, because it did not know Him.

1 John 3:1 ,John 15:18, 21; 16:3

Don’t expect non-Christians to understand this for it is beyond their comprehension. Why? Because they do not know God. How can they? They do not know his word, and faith comes through the word, written or spoken, but,most of all,lived and observed in the lives of Christians.

The real aliens in this world are not “beings from outer space,” but are Christians. There is even a song, you may recognize it from the words, “this world is not my home, I’m just a passin through” We are on our way to our heavenly home right now. One day, soon, we will arrive yhere and move in.

John, the beloved disciple continues:

2 Beloved, now we are children of God,

1 John 3:2 : 1 John 2:7
1 John 3:2 : John 1:12; 11:52; Rom 8:16; 1 John 3:1, 10

We are not just guests. We are not visitors. That life is permanent, there is a difference. For the 47 years we lived in Africa, we were guests, labeled as “aliens” in our documents, even though we could have lived there as long as we lived, but there is a difference. There were things we could not do. We could not vote. We could, and did pay taxes. We bought a home. As far as people around us could see, there was no difference.

As Christians we were and are still different. America is my land of birth, and I can, and do, vote, but still it is not my eternal home. That is still to come.

Why? Because I have been adopted into God’s family, we are siblings, and Jesus is our brother by adoption. He paid the price that we might be grafted into the family. The Holy Spirit is at work within us to make us what we need to be. He brings life, eternal life.

We are aware that the beautiful roses in our gardens are all grafted onto roots that are vigorous,but they produce no flowers at all or very poor ones. We have three bushes by our door. The middle one died back and then grew out from below the graft. It is a vigorous rambling plant with no blossoms. I need to dig it out, but so far have just cut it off at the ground level.

The Christian is grafted into the family, his power and very life depends on the gift of the Holy Spirit he gained when he was baptized into the body. The Holy Spirit will transform us into the very image of the Lord. This is an enigma to a non-believer. But, have you ever met someone for the first time, and without being told, just know that they are a child of God? Of course you have; like recognizes like. That is one of the reasons we are told in scripture to marry within the brotherhood of the Christian family. That is the brotherhood of the church. It has not appeared as yet what we will be like. We will know that when He appears, for we will be like Him.

1 John 3:2 : Rom 8:19, 23
1 John 3:2 : Luke 17:30; Col 3:4; 1 John 2:28
1 John 3:2 : Rom 8:29; 2 Pet 1:4
1 John 3:2 : John 17:24; 2 Cor 3:18

3 And everyone who has this hope fixed on Him purifies himself, just as He is pure.

1 John 3:3 : Rom 15:12; 1 Pet 1:3
1 John 3:3 : John 17:19; 2 Cor 7:1

This is a key verse of the text. We, as Christians, want to be becoming more like our Lord every day, for we look forward to live with him in his home one day. We have to have the strength of the Spirit to prepare us for that glorious opportunity.

There as a time when we were without Christ.

Philippians 3:12 “Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that that for which also I an apprehended of Christ Jesus. “

4 Everyone who practices sin also practices lawlessness; and sin is lawlessness.

1 John 1:8

“Practices” in the Greek means “to make sin habitual.” There is a difference between an occasional slip, which can be forgiven, a repentant Christian and a backslider who is not regretful, and who does not repent or ask to be forgiven. Some such, even deny that there is any such thing as sin, or speak of “white sins” as though there were grades or levels of sin. The Bible makes no such difference.

1 John 1:9
1 John 2:1

Sin is lawlessness, self serving, the breaking of the law of God, but more than that, it is the opposite of love. It can even be doing nothing at all. James 4:17 “Therefore to him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin.”

5 You know that He appeared in order to take away sins; and in Him
there is no sin.

1 John 3:4 : Rom 4:15; 1 John 5:17
1 John 3:5 : 1 John 1:2; 3:8
1 John 3:5 : John 1:29; 1 Pet 1:18-20; 1 John 2:2

Christ died to make his followers holy, to sanctify them. His purposes must be our purposes. We must be working toward the same goals.

2 Corinthians 5:21 “he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him.”

Ephesians 5:25-27 ”Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it, that he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word. that he might present it to himself a glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing; but that it should be holy and without blemish.”

We know that it was because God loved us that He sent Jesus,

John 3:16,17. “For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son , that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world, but that through him the world might be saved.”

6 No one who abides in Him sins; no one who sins has seen Him or knows Him.

1 John 3:5 : 2 Cor 5:21; 1 John 2:29
1 John 3:6 : 1 John 3:9

7 Little children, make sure no one deceives you; the one who practices righteousness is righteous, just as He is righteous;

1 John 3:6 : 1 John 2:3; 3 John 11
1 John 3:7 : 1 John 2:1
1 John 3:7 : 1 John 2:26

8 the one who practices sin is of the devil; for the devil has sinned from the beginning The Son of God appeared for this purpose, to destroy the works of the devil.

1 John 3:8 : Matt 4:3
1 John 3:8 : 1 John 3:5
1 John 3:8 : John 12:31; 16:11
1 John 3:9 : John 1:13; 3:3; 1 John 2:29; 4:7; 5:1, 4, 18; 3 John 11

9 No one who is born of God practices sin, because His seed abides in him; and he cannot sin, because he is born of God.

1 John 3:9 : 1 Pet 1:23; 1 John 3:6; 5:18

Cross references:

1 John 3:7 : 1 John 2:29
1 John 3:8 : Matt 13:38; John 8:44; 1 John 3:10

Saturday, May 3, 2008

THE LORD’S TABLE

(Communion)

R. S. Mills

We must never consider to be of "little importance" anything that is of the Lord Jesus. We speak of those things on which He chose to give a direct command as being "ordinances." The traditions of men are of little importance, but those things which are ordained by the Lord are very important, and never to be neglected. It does not really matter if we have a building in which to worship. It is a convenience, but a building is not necessary to worship and to the salvation of men. If we worship on the Lord’s Day; if we teach that men are to be born of water and of the Spirit in baptism by immersion; if we remember the death, burial and resurrection of our Lord in observing the Communion service; these are the things that are important. They deal with eternity and where we shall spend it. They are all ordinances of the Lord Jesus Christ. Because of this fact, it is important that we observe faithfully, and correctly, the memorial called "Communion" or the "Lord’s Table."

An Ordinance of the Lord Jesus Christ

This memorial did not begin with man. It began with the Son of God. With its institution He said, "This do ye: as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me." 1 Corinthians 11:25b.

If it were of man, it would be of comparatively small importance if we were to neglect its observance. We could keep the memorial or we could forget it as we chose. But it is a valued memorial which we are expected to observe "until he comes again." It is given because of and to remind us of His great love for us. It is to keep us in constant contact with Him. Without it, history has proven that men drift away from their Lord and become spiritually lost. It is never possible to be a secret "free spirit" Christian. We either belong to Him and gather on the first day of the week to be reminded of that fact, or do not belong to Him at all. Our tie is severed, and we drift away just as a ship which comes loose from its anchor soon drifts upon the rocks and is lost!

The apostle Paul says, "I received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread: and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat: this is my body, which is broken for you: this do in remembrance of me. And after the same manner also he took the cup, when he had supped, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood: this do ye, as oft as ye drink it, in remembrance of me. For as often as ye eat this bread, and drink this cup, ye do shew the Lord’s death till he come. Wherefore whosoever shall eat this bread, and drink this cup of the Lord, unworthily, shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord. But let a man examine himself, and so let him eat of that bread, and drink of that cup. For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord’s body. For this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and many sleep." (1 Corinthians 11:23-30).

The Lord’s Table is a time for:

Fellowship — (1 Corinthians 10:16-17). "The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ? For we being many are one bread, and one body: for we are all partakers of that one bread." The apostle John uses similar terms when he says, "Except ye eat of the flesh of the Son of man, and drink of his blood, ye have no life in you. Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up at the last day." (John 6:53-54).

This memorial draws all of mankind together for one commpoupose. If we are a part of the body, and we come together to remember the Lord, then we have to be in union with one another as well. A body is a unity to itself. We are one in Christ, regardless of language or nation. "We being many are one bread, and one body." (1 Corinthians 10:16). Paul told the Galatians, "As many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ." (Galatians 3:27). God sent His Son to die for all men because He loved all men. (John 3:16). He wanted all men to be one in Christ. (John 17:21).

Re-dedication — Under the Mosaic covenant, before the priest could enter into the tabernacle, he had to bathe his body ceremonially cleansing himself. He dared not come before God ceremonially "unclean". After he had been cleansed, he could stand before God and man as an intermediate. We too, before we were fit to come before the God had to be cleansed of water and the Spirit. (John 3:5). This immersion in water for the remission of sins, and the gift of the Spirit, is called "baptism" from the Greek word for immerse, "baptiso". Because of that cleansing, we are now privileged to stand before God as a "holy priesthood", cleansed of sin. Let us renew that dedication weekly as we come to the Lord’s Table, examining ourselves that we may be renewed.

Memorial — The purpose of a memorial is to recall to our memories, some event or thing. That central fact in Christianity is Jesus Christ the Son of God who died for our sins, was buried, and arose from the grave. He leads the way to God for all mankind. What wonderful "good news" we have for all! This is the "Gospel!"

When we participate in the communion service, we physically look down, as into the grave remembering our Lord’s death for our sins. We partake of the "bread" and of the "fruit of the vine", remembering as we do so that his body was broken on the cross of Calvary, and that his blood was shed as a sacrifice for our sins. And, we look up remembering that he arose from the grave and ascended to his heavenly home to be with his father God. There, he is preparing an eternal home for each of us. We are told to continue to do this "until he comes again." He will return, as he went, in the clouds a triumphant Lord of all!

The Lord’s Table is a Permanent Feature of His Church.

A fellowship which forgets its founder and head can not be described as being faithful. Jesus Christ is the head of the church (Ephesians 5:23). He said, "till I come." I am reminded of a very dear sister in the Lord, who, though she was dying of cancer, as long as she was able to make it, was at the Lord’s Table every week in anticipation of soon being with Him. Two weeks before she died, she was no longer able to be present so the elders took this memorial to her. Less than two hours before she died she remembered this memorial of Christ with many of her brothers and sisters in the Lord by her side. This is what he meant, when he said, "till I come." It is no wonder that her husband told us of her joy that last Lord’s Day morning as she was preparing for the day’s events. She was ready, faithful, and eager to meet her Lord.

The Lord’s Table is a Serious Memorial Meal:

Not to be Neglected — The book of Acts, in relating the activities of the early church, te;;ls us that they continued "steadfastly" in the apostle’s doctrine and in fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers. The NIV version uses the word "devoted themselves". They were faithful, giving this memorial first place in their worship. They did not neglect their duty to "remember."

The institution of the Lord’s Table is of such importance that it is recorded in detail by the writers of Matthew, Mark, and 1 Corinthians. (Matthew, Mark, and Paul) Matthew wrote for the Jews, Mark for the Romans, and Paul for all the Gentile nations. When God repeats a thing in His Word with such emphasis, we must give it our very serious attention!

This memorial service was the focal point of worship in the early church. When the apostle Paul came to Troas, he knew that the Christians would be gathering together for the purpose of remembering the Lord’s Table on the first day of the week, so he waited an entire week in order to be able to attend this service and fellowship with them. (Acts 20:7).

Not to be Abused — Some of the Christians at Corinth had come to use this time when they came together also as a time for a feast just like the heathen did in their idol worship. They were even getting drunk and abusing the poor and excluding them from their group. Paul was angry with them, pointing out that they had their own homes where they could feast and invite whom they chose. Because they were abusing the observance of the Lord’s Table, they were eating and drinking to their own condemnation.

It is not the words which are spoken at the table which sanctify the observance. It is not the physical breaking of the bread as you say, "This is my body which is broken for you: this do in remembrance of me." There is nothing wrong with this custom so long as we do not make it an absolute required ritual. It is not whether the "fruit of the vine" (Matthew 26:29; Mark Mark 14:25; Luke 22:18) is fermented or fress, though individuals probably have their personal choices. It is not whether one or more cups are used. What is most important is that we "remember," the Lord’s body broken and his blood shed for us. (1 Corinthians 11:29).

This is a Matter of Heart — If the heart of the Christian is not touched, then the observance becomes empty and a mockery. We are remembering that God gave His Son for our sins! Christ was crucified on a Roman cross, not for himself, but for us that we might be able to have the forgiveness of our sins. (John 3:16,17).

If we fail to remember these facts, we are only making a mockery of the memorial. The result is sickness and even death. "He that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord’s body. For this cause many are weak and sickly among you, and many sleep." (1 Corinthians 11:29,30).

This is the same end result as to depart from the faith forsaking the assembling together as some do.(Hebrews 10:25). It is vital that we be faithful in partaking of the Lord’s Table. Jesus Christ has commanded that we do this, and that we do it in a worthy manner, remembering His death till He returns for us. Is your heart right? It can not be if you neglect the Lord’s Table or do not remember it as a memorial to Him.

This death is more serious than death as a result of a fatal illness. A fatal illness effects only this life; spiritual death involves eternity. We might be tempted to say that God is being very severe with us. No, He is not.

If we make a mockery of the Lord Jesus, we are worse than those who gathered at Calvary and shouted, "Let Him be crucified!" They did not know Him as saviour. We have. Even having known Him, we are rejecting His crucifixion for us. Many of those who were present ay Calvary repented of their sin and became Christians, We are told that when the apostle Peter preached at Pentecost, many of those who heard him, "when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men and brethren, what shall we do?" (Acts 2:37).

"Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost" ... "Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls" (Acts 2:38,41).

Many of them repented and were saved. Many Christians will not repent and will continue to mock the Lord Jesus in abusing His memorial. He has said they they will grow sickly and die because of sin. To have known the Lord and to return to the way of sin, is likened to a pig which goes back to the old filthy mud-puddle where it returns to rooting for food in the mud and manure!

What Must We Do?

We must approach the Lord’s Table in a spirit of self examination. "A man ought to examine himself before he eats of the bread and drinks of the cup, for anyone who eats and drinks without recognizing the body of the Lord eats and drinks judgement upon himself. That is why many among you are weak and sick, and a number of you have fallen asleep." (1 Corinthians 11:28,29). It is really a simple matter to examine ourselves and to set our minds on the purpose of the memorial. The scripture says, "If we judge ourselves, we will not come under judgement. When we are judged by the Lord, we are being disciplined so that we will not be condemned with the world." (1 Corinthians 11:30,31).

Brethren, let us discipline ourselves at the Lord’s Table that we may truly see the body of the Lord there and escape the discipline of the Lord reserved for disobedient children.

We have a weekly appointment with the King; an invitation from the Lord Jesus. Nothing else can be so important to us. But, let us discipline ourselves that we keep this appointment in a worthy way so that we may be strengthened rather than weakened.

Saturday, January 12, 2008

CHRIST IN THE QUR' AN

Dilip Chetty

INTRODUCTION

At a time when the study of other religions are so common, it must be of interest to all Christians to know what 1.2 billion Muslims think of their Lord and Savior, and to compare His portrait taken from the Quran and later Muslim literature with that given in the Bible!

One must begin by taking note that Islam is the only one of the non-Christian religions which gives a place to Jesus Christ in it's sacred book, and yet it is also one of the great non-Christian religions which denies His deity, and His work of atonement, in it's sacred scriptures.

In none of the sacred books of the Ancient East is Christ ever mentioned. The Qu'ran alone gives Him a place, but does so by displacing Him. With regret it must be admitted that there is hardly an important fact concerning the life, person and work of our Savior which is not ignored, perverted, deviating or simply denied by Islam.

My reason for writing this book is to describe the different Muslim interpretations of Jesus Christ (nabi Isa) and his works, hence equipping Christians for dialogue and evangelism!

1. THE NAMES AND TITLES OF JESUS ( `ISA )

There are somewhat 20 names and titles given to Jesus in the Qu'ran and in Muslim tradition. Most of these names are also found in the Bible. Names and titles like Messiah, Prophet, Messenger, the Word and Servant of God. However the meanings given to these name and titles in the Muslim tradition differs vastly from what we as Christians understand.

Allow me, now to elaborate on this fact by briefly disc~ names and titles used for Jesus in Islam.

`ISA

`Isa is the most commonly used name for Jesus in the Muslim world. It is generally used with the prefix ` Nabi' (prophet), and often with the addition `son of Mary' .

It is believed that Nabi `Isa did not yet die a physical death. During his time on earth the Jews conspired to murder him. Allah therefore raised Nabi `Isa physically, while he was alive into heaven where he is today.

This is normally the explanation that accompanies the name `Isa. According to Muslim expositor , Allama ( 1990:36) the name `Isa is used 25 times in the Qu'ran, and is most probably derived from the Hebrew or Sama.ritan language. It is interesting to note that among the 25 places in the Qu'ran where the name `Isa is used, in 16 of them he is called the son of Mary, and in 5 passages his name is coupled with Moses (Musa), the great prophet of the Old Testament (Zwemer 1912:27).

The coupling of the name `Isa with that of Moses might be the reason for the form of the name, to correspond with the other rhymes of that character, e.g. Harut and Marut or Habil and Kabil etc....

Writing about the supremacy of the name of `Isa, Deedat ( 1983:4) states that "the Christian does not that the Muslim, does not take the holy name of Jesus in his own language without saying `Harat Eesa' (meaning revered Jesus), or `Eesa alai_hiss_salam' (Jesus, peace be upon him)."

Many Muslims confirm Deedat's view by saying that without these words `peace be upon him'(P.B.U.H), it is considered to be disrespectful, uncouth or barbaric.

In argument against the name `Isa, Dretke ( 1979:34) insist that the `Isa of Islam is only a distorted caricature of the true Jesus. "Isa", says Dretke , "is only a prophet in Islam; Jesus is the eternal Son of God. `Isa is only a great teacher, and a pattern for holy living in Islam, Jesus is really the real Teacher and the source of eternal salvation. `Isa is only a man in Islam, Jesus is the God_man, the Redeemer of humankind."

This I believe is an authentic difference to the `Isa of Islam and the Jesus of the Bible that is presently known be more than 3 billion Christians!

For further reference see the following Surahs in the Qu'ran - 2:81-87, 3:4045, 4:156-157, 5:112, 5:114, 6:85 & 9:31.

AL-MASIH (The Messiah)

This is also one the common titles for Jesus, both in the Bible and the Qu'ran. However, as usual, the meanings given to this title differs vastly between Muslim and Christian.

"Messiah, the title of Jesus" says Allama ( 1990:46), "is found 11 times in the Qu'ran, all in the Medinan surahs. Surah 3:40_45 relating the annunciation of the birth of Jesus, says: `his name shall be the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary ." "While there is no Qu'ranic etymological explanation of the word `MASIH' says Parrinder ( 1995:31 ), it is not difficult for the commentators to find a number of meanings". The origin of course is ultimately Hebrew, through the Syriac, but it seems to have been well known in north and south Arabia in prehistoric times.

The Hebrew `Masiah' was used of kings and patriarchs, and especially of the coming `Deliverer'. The was translated in the Septuagint Greek version of the Old Testament as `Christos'. Parrinder (1995:31-33) quotes three meanings of this title, given by Muslim commentators.

Firstly, Firozabadi comments that `Masih' was the surname of Jesus, a title of honour, like al-Siddiq `the truthful' a surname of Abu Baker the first Caliph.

Secondly, some commentators found the etymology of the word in the root `msh' -` to touch'. So Jesus was the one whose touch purified from all faults.

Thirdly, others like Razi suggested that a derivation of Masih from the verb meaning `to travel', for Jesus was said to have travelled much or gone on `pilgrimage'.

Later Amed Deedat (1983:13-14) goes further by adding his `piece to th puzzle' by stating , "the word Christ is derived from the Hebrew word `Messiah', Arabic `Masih'. The root word m-a-s-a-h-a, meaning `to rub to massage' or `to anoint'. Priest and kings were anointed when being consecrated in their office. But in its translated Grecian form, it seems unique: uplifting Jesus only."

In his usual mocking tone, Deedat continues, "the Christians has the knack of transmitting baser metals into shining gold. What he wants to do, is translate names into his own language" (1983:14).

While dusting the surface the above mentioned Muslim scholars, fail to see the deeper theological understanding of Christ as Messiah and Saviour of humankind. A deeper understanding is only revealed by the Holy Spirit, whom these Muslim theologians have never met!

(See Surah 3:40/45, 4:156-157, 5:19117, 5:72/76, 9:30-31).

NABI (Prophet)

Jesus is only once called Prophet in the Qu'ran (19:30-31), but he is always named in the company of other prophets and figures of old, most of whom are mentioned in the Bible. Zwemer (1912:30) states that "the number of prophets and apostles sent by God, according to Muslim teaching amounts to 124 000, others say 240 000, and others 100 000." Jesus is said to merely be one of the prophets among these thousands.

As in the Bible the prophets in the Qu'ran appears as messengers of a particular kind, chosen for a special purpose, with a message from God. The prophets brought the books of divine revelation: the Tawrah (law), the Zabul (Psalins), and the Injil (Gospel). "similarly" says Parrinder (1995:38) "Mohammed brought an Arabic Qu'ran to also make the Arabs a people of the book." He was the prophet of the community (al-nabi al-umma).

Parrinder ( 1995:40) gives the names of the six most respected and dignified prophets in the Islamic world - among which Jesus is highly esteemed. The first prophet is Adam, the `chosen of God' (Safi Allah). Than, Noah the `prophet of God' (Nabi Allah). Abraham, the `friend of God' (Khalil Allah).

Moses, the `converser with God' (Kalim Allah). Finally, JESUS, THE SPIRIT OF GOD ( Ruh Allah), and Mohammed, the `apostle of God' (Ra Allah). Mohammed is also seen as the `seal of all the past prophets' he is the last and final prophet that `sums up' the messages of all the other prophets. In the Bible, Jesus is also known as a prophet, but far above that , he is known as the Saviour of the world and the Son of God! Islam reduces the deity of God's Son to a mere `holy man'- a prophet. Islam has no full revelation of Jesus as the Son of God. Their limited knowledge of Jesus has led to their erroneous and inaccurate doctrine, that Jesus is merely a prophet and not the Son of God!

(see surahs 7:156/157, 2:73/78, 3:69/75, 2:130/136, 4:16/163, 5:48-50)

`ABD (Servant)

The word `Abd' means `a servant' - and in the Qu'ran, Jesus is called the `servant of Allah'. The word `abd is translated by Muslim expositors as ` man of Allah' or `the property of Allah' (Parrinder 1995:34). The term `servant' is closely connected to worship and submission. It is said in Islamic tradition that `abd' or `servant' does not imply the harsh bondage that is associated with slaver, but complety surrender to the worship of Allah.

To many Muslim scholars the title `abd' shows the humanity of Jesus as servant. This, they therefore argue, implies that there is no divine side in Jesus. He cannot be called the `God-man' .

The Muslim world fails to see that because Jesus was the perfect `Abd Allah' (servant of God), he was willing to die on calvary. Nobody forced Jesus to die on the cross - he surrendered his life in total submission to God - as a tme `Abd Allah!'

(see surahs 4:170-172; 19:30-31; 43:57-61).

RASUL (Messenger).

The title messenger, which is given to Jesus, is used at least ten times in the Qu'ran. "Messengers" says Parrinder ( 1995:43-44) "have been sent with suggestions from God, messengers bring good tidings and warnings, so that the people should have no a ume vs against God after the coming of the messengers."

Both Jesus and Muhammad are called `messengers of Allah'. This is all they are, states the Qu'ran (5:75_79, 5:19_20). Muhammad, the messenger was sent to warn people about future judgment, and to remind the people about past messengers like Adam, Noah, Moses and Jesus.

Jesus was also sent as a mere messenger, in succession to the earlier messengers. In Islam Jesus is called `only or nothing' but a messenger (Parrinder 1995:44). Muhammad is exalted above Jesus, since Muhammad is the final messenger, the seal of all messengers.

While I agree that Jesus was a messenger, I disagree that this is all that He was. Even so, if there was another messenger to come after Jesus, He would have told us so! The fact that Jesus tells us of no such messenger, surely makes Muhammad a false, self - appointed messenger. However, Jesus did say that He will sent a `comforter'- which we Christians know for sure is the Holy Spirit. Surely, Muhammad is not the `comforter' that Jesus spoke about. (see: surah 2:81-87, 3:43-49, 4:156-157, 5:75-79 )

KALIMA (The Word)`

Kalimet Allah - `The W ord of God' . This title is used twice in the Qu'ran, in direct reference to Jesus. It occurs in other passages of the Qu'ran, but not as one of the titles or names of the Messiah. This reference to Christ is only made clear in surah 3:40 and surah 4:169.

In these two above passages, says Zwemer (1912:29) Jesus Christ is clearly referred to as the `word of God', and as the `word from God'. Modern Arabic usage clearly distinguishes between the `Word of God' in the sense of the Holy Writing, which is always referred to as `Kalima Allah' and the `word God' as His messenger which is `Kalimet Allah'.

Concerning the above two verses, Baidawi (Parrinder 1995:45) argues that "Jesus is called the `word of God', because he came into existence by God's command, without a father, so that he resembles the new creation." However, according to the Bible (John 1:1 ) " In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and THE WORD WAS GOD " The Qu'ranic interpretation of Jesus Christ as the Word, is sadly an unfortunate misinterpretation of `Isa Kalimet Allah' - Jesus the Word of God. the Bible states emphatically that Jesus ` the Word' was with God and WAS GOD!

Without any complications the Bible clearly states that JESUS IS THE WORD OF GOD INCARNATE. Hence one is able to see that the Muslim interpretation of `the Word' (Kalimet Allah) is one of Islam's greatest errors!

RUH ALLAH (Spirit from God)

This title is used only once in the Qu'ran, in Surah 4:169. However, according to Zwemer (1912:30) most Muslims commentators are not in agreement as to the real significance of this verse, and whether this verse is a name that can be applied to Jesus or if the passage simply signifies that Jesus, with all other mortals, was partakers of the creative Spirit of God.

Parrinder (1995:49-50) comments that some Muslim scholars suggest that the term `spirit' means `mercy' while others suggest that the meaning of the word `spirit' can either be interpreted as `inspiration', `divine' or even `revelation'. Unless Muslim scholars look at the Bible for their answers, the title or name of Jesus as the `Spirit from God' (Ruh Allah) will still remain a mystery in the Islamic world!

AYA (A Sign)

This title of Jesus is found six times in the Qu'ran. According to Parrinder ( 1995 :51 ) this word was probably borrowed from Syriac or Aramaic. When this title is applied to Jesus, it simply means that Jesus was `a sign' sent from God, to the whole world and not just for the Israelites.

(see: Surah 21:91, 23:50-52, 3:44-50).

The irony of this Qu'ranic title `Aya' for Jesus, is that this sign sent from God is misinterpreted by the very people that call Jesus `Aya'. They call Jesus `Aya', but deny the reality of the true meaning of `Aya'.

MATHAL (A Parable or Example).

This title appears four times in the Qu'ran, with reference to Jesus as a parable, example or analogy.

"The root word `mashal' is rendered parable" (Parrinder 1995:52). While in the Christian sphere, Jesus alone can be seen as the perfect analogy of who God the Father is. The Muslim world denies this fact while still referring to Jesus as example, parable and analogy!

(see: Surah 43:57, 43:59, 3:52, 3:59).

SHAHID (A Witness)

The Qu'ran teaches in nine Surahs, that at the judgment "each community v have a witness' (Parrinder 1995:52). As witness Jesus will be a witness against the Christians who deified him as God (when he was not God), and He will also be a witness for those who follow his teachings ( these apparently are the Muslims).

(Surah 4,157 / 159, 5,1 17; 4,45; 41,19/38; 28,75).

OTHER TITLES OF JESUS.

The other less popular titles for Jesus are `rahma' which means `a mercy' (surah 19,21).

`Wajih' which means the `eminent one' (surah 3,40 / 45), and in the same surahs another title is also found, that of `min al-mugarrabin' the `One brought near'. According to Baidawi (in Parrinder 1995:53) this title was intended to explain the `high place' that Jesus was given in Paradise, found in Surah (3,40/39).

`MUBARAK (Blessed) is also another of Jesus' titles which occurs nine times in the Quran.

(surah 19,32 /31; 43,59, 19,34/33; 19,35; 3,53 /60).

2. THE ISLAMIC VIEW OF JESUS

Again in the form of both interviews and academic material, I will examine the different interpretations of the life and the significance of Jesus in Islam. I will explore the birth, the miracles, the death, the resurrections and the deity Jesus Christ.

In the following pages one is able to see the erroneous doctrines accepted in Islam. I will only give a theological response to the Islamic view of Christ in section 4 of this book.

The annunciation and birth of Jesus

The annunciation and birth of Jesus can be found in Surah 3 and Surah 19 of the Quran. Surah 3 describes this birth and annunciation as follows:

45 Behold! The angels said: O Mary! God giveth thee glad tidings of a word from him, his name will be Christ Jesus, the son of Mary, held in honour. In this world and the hereafter and of (the company of) those nearest to God.

46 He shall speak to the people in childhood and mahirity and he sha be (o company) of the righteous.

47 She said "O my Lord! How shall I have a son when no man hath touched me?" He said, "Even so God created what he willeth. When he hath decreed a plan, he but saith to it "Be" and it is.

Surah 3, 45-47 (Ali 1946)

While Surah 3, 45-47 is more in line with our canonical gospels the 19~'' Surah's account of the birth of Jesus is very obscure! For example Surah 19:23 says that Mary gave birth to Jesus under a palm tree in remote place.

Yusuf Ali (1946:772) Comments on this by explaining: The annunciation and the conception we may suppose, took place in Nazareth (of Galilee) say 65 miles north of Jerusalem. The delivery took place in Bethlehem about 6 miles south of Jerusalem. It was a remote place, not only with reference to the distance of 71 miles, but because in Bethlehem itself the birth was in an obscure corner under a palrn tree, from which perhaps the .babe was afterwards removed to a manger in a stable". Ali's use of the words "we may suppose" and "perhaps the babe was afterwards removed" shows his uncertainty in the Quranic scriptures!

In Surah 9:27-33 it is said while Jesus was in the cradle (only a few days old) he defended his mother from being accused of immorality. Yusuf Ali (1946:773) explains that the child Jesus spoke by a miracle, defended his mother, and preached to an unbelieving audience, and then he quotes the gospel saying that the child Jesus advanced in wisdom and in favour with God and men. Adding to Yusuf Ali, Baidawi (in Paminder 1995:78) goes on to say that Mary also when young spoke as Jesus did. Another tradition said that eleven children had spoken in their cradles, thought a contradictory comment was that Jesus was the only one to do this, since he was the "Mahdi" (the guided one). Finally in Surah 9:24-26 Jesus, sitting in Mary's lap, told the palm tree to bend down and give his mother some of its fruit, and the tree obeyed. Than he told it to raise up and give some water hidden under its roots.

One is clearly able to see that from the annunciation of the birth of Jesus in surah 3:45-47 above, to now, the Islamic thought has surely moved away from the true account of the nativity as seen in the canonical gospels.

THE MIRACLES OF JESUS

The miracles of Jesus are important to Jesus. To some extent these miracles point to the divinity of Jesus as the Son of God. Jesus went about healing the sick, casting out demons and raising the dead. In fact the canonical gospels record at least 35 miracles. Some of these miracles are unique to Jesus' ministry and never equalled in history by any other person. It was miracles like; calming the storm (Matt 8:23-27), feeding the 5000 (Matt 14:13-21), and turning water into wine (John 2:1-21 ) these are just a few examples.

The Qu'ran however, also recognize Jesus as a miracle worker in surah 3:49 "... and I healed those that are blind, and the lepers and I quicken the dead. This surah leaves out the other miracles of Jesus, but as usual, the Qu'ran moves away erroneously from the Bible by also adding that Jesus made birds of clay and than made them to fly. No account of flying clay birds is found in Biblical Christology.

When confronted with the miracles of Jesus, Muslim scholars like Al-Baji (in Gauduel 1984b: 184) and Faruq Sherif (1985:62) only have one thing to say: `the miracles of Jesus does not prove his deity.' Because other prophets like Moses, Elijah and even Mohammad himself operated in miracles, and they do not claim divinity. But what Muslim scholars do not realize is that among all these `miracle workers' it is only Jesus that claimed divinity, `I and my father are one' (Jn 8:19). `Whoever saw the father hath seen my' (John 6:46), `no man comes to the father but through me' (Matt 11:27).

The miracle of Jesus turning water into wine is even mocked by some Muslims. Speaking about this miracle the ever mocking Amed Deedat (1990:41-42) concludes that Jesus' first miracle is to be responsible for the 11 million alcoholics in the USA, the 300 000 alcoholics in South Africa and most probably the rest of the alcoholics in the whole wide world! He closes his argument by bluntly stating: "hence this alleged miracle wine continues to flow like a river in Christendom." (Deedat 1990:42)

The miracles of Jesus, I believe, have suffered much violence by the Moslem world, a world that "allegedly esteems "Isa Nabi " (the prophet Jesus), now degrades his works! To the Christian the greatest miracle of Jesus was his resurrection. This was not just a miracle but it is also the corner stone and foundation of the Christian faith. Yet it is this ONE greatest miracle that is denied by Moslems and enforced by the Qu'ran!

THE DENIAL OF JESUS AS THE SON OF GOD

The Qu'ran, says Faruq Sherif (1985:62) condemns any theory that derogates in any manner whatsoever, from its fundamental conception of the "oneness of Allah", is absolute. Surah 21:26 say "they (the Christians) say that God most gracious has begotten offspring. Glory be to Him: they (the prophets) are but servants raised to honour. "

Other passages in the same Surah (21,31) emphasise the rejection of the doctrine of Sonship.

Surah 43, 59 - 64 states that ` Jesus was no divine being, but just an Apostle of God. Responding to this verse, one of my dialogue partners declared: "The doctrine maintaining that Jesus is the Son of God, and the doctrine of the trinity are treated by the Quran as fabrications, sheer blasphemy and unpardonable polytheism".

Al_Boji (in Gauldeul 1984b: 180) supports Sheriff by starting that Jesus virgin birth does not prove his deity - since Adam also was without natural mother and father and he is not claimed to be God nor the son of God.

This support for the denial of Jesus as the Son of God is built up further by Kataregga's (1980:131-132) argument "Moslems are genuinely opposed to the belief by Christians that "Isa (P.B.U.H.) was divine or the "Son of God". The basis of Moslems objection is Quranic. Allah says, "it is not befitting to the majesty of Allah that He should beget a son" (Sarah 5:75)". This denial continues to thicken when yet another Moslem I interviewed argued strongly by stating: " The Christians view of the incarnation seems to compromise God's transcendence and sovereignty while at the same time exalting a mere man to God-like status. By denying the incarnation, Islarii is really affirming both the absolute transcendence of God and the rightful status of man as the servant and `khalifa' of God on earth."

All the Muslims I interviewed were strongly influenced by the teaching of Muslim propogationalist Amed Deedat.

His book `Chris in Islam' (1983) is written as an open attack on Jesus' deity as the Son of God. In his usual mocking tone Deedat declares "God has Sons by the tons... can't you (Christians) see that every righteous person, every Tom, Dick and Harry who followed the will and plan of God was a Son of God (pg 28)

However, there is no mocking that will ever erase the Biblical fact that Jesus Christ is God incarnate - the Son of God worthy of honour and worship! (More will be said on this fact in chapter 4 of this essay)

THE DENIAL OF JESUS AS GOD

Since Muslims deny the doctrine of incarnation (that Jesus is the Son of God) the next step will be to also deny that Jesus is God - part of the Trinity.

As quoted above, one of the Muslim interviewers stated that `the doctrine of the Trinity was a fabrication, sheer blasphemy . . . ". All other Muslims that I interviewed argued very emphatically that the doctrine of the Trinity proved that Christianity was a polytheistic religion, having 3 different `gods' - the Father, Jesus and the Holy Spirit.

Amed Deedat goes at length to deny that Jesus is not God. He does this in His book ` The God that never was' (1983) In this book he argues that Jesus was not God, since Jesus had a birth (pg 3), Jesus had a family (pg 5), Jesus was tempted (pg 7) Jesus was hungry, thirsty and he slept (pg 10) and he was killed and buried. (Pg 12)

Amed Deedat's thinking, it seems was much influenced by the Muslim apologetic A1 Baji who affirms: ` Jesus is not God! He is a created man and a servant under authority, not exempt from the proofs of created_ness, such as movement, rest, cessation, passing from place to place, changing from one state to another, eating food, and death, which is appointed for all men."

Both Deedat and AI - Baji close off their argument by mentioning all the `humanistic' things that Jesus done, like walking, eating and sleeping etc. Both these writers conclude with the phrase `and he also died.' And I agree with them! But, where they close their argument (with the death of Jesus), this is were I open mine. Jesus was human because He experienced death, but He rose again on the third day, DEFEATING DEATH AND THE GRAVE, this is what makes Him Divine!


I think that the Muslims were too quick to place a `full-stop' after the death of Jesus. A ` Comma' should have been satisfactory, (because His death was just a little `pause' in God's plan for salvation).

WAS JESUS REALLY CRUCIFIED? IF NOT. WHO WAS CRUCIFIED ?

All Muslims deny the Biblical fact that Jesus was crucified or even died. Their defence in the Quran is found in Sarah 4,156

`They did not kill him or crucify him, but so it was made to appear to them. . . assuredly they did NOT kill him."

The Qu'ran becomes very contradictory on this subject, for two scripture references in the Quran says the very opposite -that Jesus DIED!

`O Jesus, I will cause you to die and will take you up to myself' (Sarah 3,48)


"Peace be upon me (`Isa) on the day I was born, peace be on me the day I DIE, and peace will be on me the day I shall be raised up again"

(Sarah 19,33-34).


Muslim scholars interpret these two verses as talking about Jesus' ascension - but they fail to explain the meaning of the word DIE!

Amed Deedat took time to write two books - "Who moved the stone?" (1978) and `The God that never was' (1983), trying to explain away the death of Jesus - with no effect. His two books are not only incomprehensive but also unscientific because it fails to produce any evidence for its case!

If Jesus was not crucified - then who was crucified? No Muslim scholar is certain on who was crucified in the place of Christ.

The words "so it was made to appear to them" (4,156) have been taken to mean that a person other then Christ was given his appearance by God and crucified in his stead.

"This mysterious person" says Sheriff Faruq (1985) "is probably Judas Iscariot." Where may I ask did Sheriff get such on obscured idea? From the non-canonical `Gospel of Barnabas' in paragraph 216 "And he, smiling, said: `now are ye foolish, that know not me to be Judas Iscariot! And as he was saying this, soldiers entered, and laid their hands upon Judas, because he was in every way liken to Jesus" (in Gauleul, 1984:192). If one thinks this is absurd, think again, because A. Shafaat (in Gauleul 19846! 198) argues that Barabbas was crucified! "Now at that feast Pilate wanted to release one prisoner from among the Jews that he might be more popular with them, and he chose Jesus Barabbas, a notable prisoner who had made an insurrection.

And Pilate sent an order, that Jesus Barabbas be released. But the offices who received the order did make an error and released Jesus of Nazareth, and crucified Jesus Barabbas."

Other Muslim scholars go as far as to say that Simon of Cyrene (the black man that carried the cross of Jesus) was crucified, and Jesus escaped in between the crowd.

To most of the Muslim world ‘the mysterious man’ that was crucified will still remain a mystery. But then, without acknowledging the crucifixion and the resurrection of Christ, life’s questions will always be a mystery!

IS THERE SALVATION FIUND IN JESUS CHRIST?

Because Muslims deny the death and crucifixion Jesus Christ, it is obvious that the resurrection of Jesus would be meaningless to them. And if the resurrection has no meaning for them, then salvation in Jesus Christ makes no sense to Muslims.

Al Andalus (in Gaudel 1984: 188) for one, states this clearly in his article entitled: `The theology of redemption makes no sense.' Writing about the Christian theology of redemption, Al Andalus concludes: "this (redemption in Jesus) surely must be impossible (to believe) for the least of your pupils and the youngest of your followers, as it must be impossible (to believe) for the most ignorant of mankind and the least of them in understanding."

How AI' Andalus came to this solution, can be found in the writings of Islamic apologist A. Shafaat (in Gaudeul 1984: 198). Shafaat explains: "Islam holds man to be not in need of any salvation. Instead of assuming him to be religiously and ethically fallen, Islamic `da'wah' acclaims him as the `Khalifah' of Allah, perfect in form, and endowed with all this is necessary to fulfil the divine will in deed, even loaded with the grace of revelation! `Salvation' is hence not in the vocabulary of Islam. `Falah' or the positive achievement in space and time of the divine will, is the Islamic counterpart of Christian `deliverance' and `redemption"'.

Director of the Institute of Muslim Minority, S.Z. Abedin (in Anees 1991:59) in agreement with AI' Andalus, also concluded: "If we are truly to honour and respect the person of Jesus and live out the implications of his life, death and teaching, we can no longer make claims about the absolute uniqueness of Jesus, or the necessity of the encourager with the person of Jesus for salvation."

S.A. Abedin (in Anees 1991: 51) later concludes very openly that Christianity is a `cult of Jesus' - because of its theory (doctrine) of salvation. Muslim jokester, Amed Deedat (1983:43) takes advantage of Abedin's statement and he concludes also that the salvations story is just a `fairytale."

JESUS AND THE FUTURE:

A BRIEF LOOK AT ISLAMIC ESCHATOLOGY.

While driving on the M2 towards Johannesburg City Centre, I was surprised to see a very large bill board reading "Islam says: JESUS IS COMlNG AGAIN!" with contact telephone numbers at the bottom for any person wishing to know more about Islamic eschatology and the place of Christ in this final event. After phoning, I receive a book entitled: "How to recognize the promised Masih."

This book, which is written by the Mufti, A.H. Elias is a very comprehensive piece of work, describing Jesus as the coming Messiah, the description of his dissensions and his activities after his dissension. I will use this book to explain the place of Christ in Islamic eschatology!

THE DESCRIPTION OF THE ‘MASIH’

His name will be Essa (Jesus). His family name is Essa son of Maryam (Jesus, son of Mary) His honourable name is Masih. His mother's name is Maryam, daughter Hanna. He was created by the power of `Allah Taala without a father he was born only of a mother.

He give life to the dead with the Command of Allah Taala, he cured the leper and those born blind. He put life into birds of clay. He received Divine protection when the `Bani Israel Juffa or' (Disbelievers) decided to kill him. And when the `Kuffaar' besieged him, Allah lifted him alive to the heavens. (Pg 1_3).

Some conditions at the time of His descent:

He will descend near Quiyamat , while descending he will be wearing two pieces of yellow cloth and be in full armour. As he descends his hands will be on the shoulders of two angels, and he will have a weapon in his hands with which he kills Dajjal (the devil), also at that time the Kaafirs (disbelievers) will die when his breath reaches them. (Pg4)

The promised Masih’s activities after dissention.

The Masih will break the cross (i.e. by removing worship of the cross). He will kill the swine (i.e. wipe out Christianity). He will wage Jihad (holy_war) against Dajjal and his friends. He will kill Dajjal (the devil) in Palestine near the Gate of Lud. After this the whole world will become Muslims and the remaining Jews will be picked out carefully and killed: than, Jihad (holy_war) will be suspended because there will be no Kufaar (disbeliever) left. (Pg5).

Apparent blessings during the era of the promised Masih:

Jealousy, hatred and malice will be removed from all hearts. A girl will be able to put her hand in the mouth of a snake without being effected. And a girl will chase a lion without being harmed. Wolves will stray amongst goats just a dogs protecting the flock.

The entire world will be filled with Muslims like a container gets filled with water. But these blessings will only last for seven years. (Pg 6)

While there are some similarities between Islamic eschatology and Christian eschatology, the vast difference that is between them are worlds apart! My response to this unbiblical Islamic eschatology will be given in chapter 4 of this article where I will separate fact from fiction!

3. THE SOURCES OF ISLAM.

In section two of this article we have dealt with the Islamic view of the birth, the life and the mysterious disappearance of Jesus. We have dealt with the facts that Islam denies the deity of Jesus, his death and crucifixion, and his resurrection. Hence, Islam has concluded that there is no salvation found in Jesus Christ, who we call, the Saviour of the World. The question that must be asked now is: "Where did these Muslims and Muhammad in particular get these weird ideas from?" Since the Quram has many traces of other religions and philosophies in it, like Judaism, Christianity, Arabian customs and Egyptian mythology (to name but a few) one is forced to conclude that Islam's theology of Christ is an inaccurate, unauthentic Arabian fabrication.

I therefore throw in my lot with Ritchie ( 1968:12) who states that: "Muhammad received all his knowledge of Christ form rather imperfect sources. It had to be secondhand mostly, since in Mecca there were only few Christians living. Further, the knowledge that they handed on was coloured by their own bias, and they evidently had no enthusiasm about passing on the actual source book in a language the Arabs could understand."

The result was that Muhammad speaks of the Gospel as a Book delivered to Jesus by God to be promulgated among His own community, just as he was publishing the Quran among the Arabs. The myth of the clay birds coming to life, for example goes to show that Muhammad had a very hazy knowledge of the New Testament, because he mixes the stories found in the Canonical Gospels with those found in the Apocryphal writings.

Now let us look at the main sources form where Muhammad draws his stories. The first of these sources are found in Jewish folklore.

JEWISH FOLKLORE:

"By far' says Gilchrist (19995:82) `the greatest number of portions of the Quran that can be shown to have pre-Islamic origins are those that relate to Jewish folklore and other fables that were woven around Biblical normatives in the Old Testament."

In the Islamic world, it is a well-known fact that their prophet Muhammad could not read. Hence, the only way that he came into contact with Jewish stories was by hearing some Jewish antiquity repeated in market - places and else where. In hearing these `interesting' stories, I must agree with Gilchirst (1995:82) that eventually Muhammad was unable to distinguish fact from fable" hence both appear side by side in the Quran!

There are many passage in the Quran that can be used to support the above statement made by Gilchrist, but allow me to just elaborate on one that I find interesting. It is the Old Testament story of the murder of Abel by his brother Cain. This story is found in the Quran in Surah 5,30-35.

"Then Allah sent a raven who scratched in the ground to show him (Cain) hide the shame of his brother' Surah 5.334

As usual half of this story is true and fact (biblical) and the latter half is false (fable). The true part is that Cain killed Abel because Abel's sacrifice was accepted by God º fact (Gen4: 4). The false part is that God sent a raven to show Cain how to bury Abel º fable.

According to Gilchrist, (1995:82) this Quranic account of the murder is a typical mixture of elements forms the Bible, the Midrash and the Mishnah. There is an analogy, say Gilchrist, to this statement in a rabbinical work of Jewish fables and myths known as the "Pirke Rabbi Eliezer' contained in the section of Talmudic writing known as the Midrash (which by the way predates the Quran by many centuries).

Borrowed Jewish folklore fables (found in the Quran) did not stop at the story of Cain and Abel however, it continued to destroy Biblical Christology and replaced it with myth and folklore!

CHRISTIAN ORIGINS AND SOURCES.

Muhatnmad gained some of his infonnation from authentic Christian source (e.g. The virgin birth of Jesus), and later added his own outfit to these stories. He also mixed authentic Christian material with legends and fables found from other heretical (or renegade) Christians. These legends and fables have been repeated in the Quran and are now accepted by almost 1.3 billion Muslims around the world! One such legend found in the Quran is where the disciples of Jesus are recorded as saying to him: `O Jesus son of Mary! Can your Lora (Surah 5,115)?

Allah takes heed to the prayer of Jesus and there after grants l equ Responding to this Islamic legend, Gilchrist (1995:93) writes:

`It is interesting to discover that the word used here for table `ma'idah' is drawen from a similar Ethiopic word used by the Abyssinian Christians for the `Lord's Table' the main sacrament of the Christian Church. The story is derived from a perversion of the story of the Last Supper.' By this one is able to conclude that what Muhammad wrote concerning Jesus Christ was not from the New Testament but form mythical records retained in apocryphal Christian works circulating around Arabia. I therefore agree with Gilchrist that:`Muhammad shows only too often that his materials were identical to those floating around Arabia at his time, a coincidence which shows that the Quran is not the composition of the omniscient God but rather of a man who was restricted to the limited sources of information available to him." (1995:94).

ARABIZN CUSTOMS.

In agreement with Gilchrist, C.W. Tisdal (1981:4-9) states that Mohammad did maintain ancient practices and beliefs of Arabia that he thought were good and reasonable.

It is interesting to note that some of Mohammad's quotations were taken from Arabian poets and orators. Tisdal, gives a classic example of this. It was the custom, says Tisdal, of the time for poets and orators to hang up their compositions upon the kaaba for everybody to read. One such poet, Imra' ul Cays whose poem `Sabaa Moallagat' spoke about the unity of God. Muhammad uses this to shoot down the Christians doctrine of the Trinity denying the deity of Jesus.

This incident just goes to show that the Quran is not the composition of the omniscient God. The connection between the poetry of Imra'ul Cays and the Quran is so obvious that the Muslim cannot deny the plagiarism! So they conclude that the poems of Imra'ul Cays and the Quran existed together in the Heavenly Tablet from all eternity!

BUDDHIST ORIGINS AND THE BIRTH OF JESUS.

The Quran contains a story about the birth of Christ, which has no parallel in the Canonical Gospels, but which is obviously drawn from Buddhist sources.

`So she conceived him and withdraw with him to a remote place. The pangs of childbirth came over her at the trunk of the palm-tree. She said: `would you that I had died before this and become something forgotten." One cried to her from below it: "Do not grieve, for your Lord has provided a stream below you. Speak also towards the palm-tree, it will let fresh ripe dates fall upon you. Eat, drink and be comforted." Surah 19.22-26.

According Gilchrist (1995:98-99) a duplicate theory; fc: e Buddhist Pali canon `Nidamakatha Jatakom' (Chapter 1, page 50-53). It is said here that when Maya, who was about to become the mother of Gautama Buddha, knew the time of her labour and delivery was near she obtained her husband's permission to visit her father's home in a remote place. Suddenly, on the day of child birth came upon her, while under a palm-tree. The palm tree offered its diets and a stream of water from under it, to the mother of Buddha.

In this case says Gilchrist (1995-99); the link with the Quranic narrative is confirmed by the fact that, unlike the nativity story on the road to Egypt, the actual birth of the child took place below the tree. In the Quran however, it is Jesus rather than Buddha who was delivered under the plans tree!

Mixed with Jewish Folklore, Arabians customs, poems and Buddhist legends, Quranic Christology can just not be taken serious! It is so far from the Biblical truth that it is almost impossible for a Christian to identify his / her Saviour in the Quran!

THE NESTORIANS AND THE DENIAL OF JESUS’ DIETY.

According to Hans Kung (in Watt 1991:6) the form of Christianity best known to the people of Mecca at that time was that of small groups of Christians from a Jewish background, who had never accepted the creedal formulation of the Great Church, but had managed to maintain their existence in relative isolation. Such groups would accept Jesus as Messiah but not as a divine hypostasis.

One such group says Watt (1991:6) was the Nestorians. The Meccan Arabs became closely associated with Nestorians and learned there Christology mainly forms this sect.

Nestorians believe that since God is eternal he cannot be a human infant. Nestorius and his followers emphasized the humanity of Jesus. Nestorius also had great difficulty in explaining how God's eternity and impassibility can be united with temporal humanity, since God cannot suffer.

Since the ties of Meccan Arabs and Nestorians were so close, it is no wonder than that there are parallels in both Islamic and Nestorians Christology.

OTHER INFLUENCIAL SOURCES.

There are many other foreign sources that influenced Muhammad's view of Jesus Christ. Watt (1991:5) mentions the influence of monophysites, Gilchrist (1995:78_79) mentions influence from both Syriac religions and Persians mythology, and Tisdall's (1981) entire book `Sources of Islam' mentions other sources from Greek to Egyptians influences.

May I than conclude this section of the article by stating that there is abundant evidence that the Quranic teachings of the birth, the life and ministry and the mysterious disappearance of Jesus before his crucifixion is dependent on a number of different legends. This fact seriously undermines its claim to have been a revelation form God as the final Scripture for all humankind!

A THEOLOGIAL RESPONSE TO THE ISLAMIC VIEW OF JESUS CHRIST

Having taken note in the previous section, about the heretical sources of Islam in its description of Jesus Christ, it is now easier to formulate a theological response to the Muslim world.

Firstly, it must be noted that what the Quran says about Jesus a NOT COMPLETELY heretical, there is some truth that can be found.

Secondly, and most importantly, one must realize that the Quran is saturated with HALF TRUTHS about Jesus Christ. For example, they believe in the virgin birth of Jesus but than couples it with heretical mythology about "bowing palm tree' that give water and fruits to Mary.

They believe that Jesus was on his way to be crucified, but then twist the story by crucifying Judas, Barrabas or Simon of Cyrene!

I hope to show much more of these half truth about Jesus Christ in Islam in the following pages.

THE VIRGIN BIRTH OF JESUS.

I agree with Watt (1983:101) that, Muslims are superficially in agreement with Christians about Jesus' birth, but it must be warned that this apparent agreement conceals important differences. The Quranic `narrative story' is not exactly the biblical story. The story in Surah 19, 16-23 says Parrinder (1975:80) is only partly parallel to the biblical account

The `remote' birthplace, under a palm tree (instead of in a stable in Bethlehem). And provision of water and fruit from the tree and Jesus speaking in the cradle are not accounts found in the Bible. Instead, similar accounts can be found in Buddhist tradition (SEE section 3) concerning the birth of Buddha! Fact and fable can clearly be distinguished in Surah 19, 16-23.

Finally, where in Christianity the virgin birth is associated with Jesus' divinity. In Islam, the virgin birth is reduced to a mere miracle, like any other miracle. Cragg (1985:258) concludes that though the Quran allows the virgin birth or Jesus, it is implacable in its oppositions to the belief that the one so born (Jesus) is divine.

THE WORKS OF JESUS (His Miracles)

That Jesus was a great healer of the sick, says Parrinder (1975:83 ) is confirmed by the Quran. The Quran however, only mentions certain Miracle stories from the Bible. Many miracles of Jesus are ignored in the Quran.

The miracle story of Jesus speaking form the cradle, Jesus making clay birds come to life and Jesus praying to God for a table of food from heaven are alien to the Bible but are found respectively in Buddhist tradition, apocryphal writing and Jewish folklore.

The miracle story of Jesus changing clay birds to life is not recorded in the Bible. Biblical Miracles always have a purpose, because every action of Jesus was for a certain purpose. For example he healed to blind, simply because they had no sight. He fed the 5000 simply because they were hungry.

For what than did he give life to clay birds? Because there were not enough birds in Israel? or because Jesus was in the entertainment business? No! the `clay birds' story is not an authentic miracle of Jesus, because all of Jesus' miracles were for a purpose, not for a show!

Certainly, Muhammad got this myth from the apocryphal Gospel of Thomas (in Parrinder 1975:84) - a non-canonical gospel. Similar to the myth about the `clay birds' is the myth about the `heavenly table', which is also found in the noncanonical apocryphal books (see sect 3 ). Muhammad confuses the story of the `last supper with the words of the Israelites during the Exodus "They spoke against God, saying, `Can God spread a table in the wilderness?" (Psalins 78:19. ) Whatever Mohammad did, he presented a perversion of the story of the last Supper!

Secondly, the `nature miracles' of Jesus - calming the storm (Mark 4:35-41), walking on the water (Mark 6:45-56) speaking to the Fig tree (Matt 21:18-22) and feeding the 5000 (Mark 8:1-21) are not mentioned in the Quran. These miracles, I believe were NOT left out by coincidence! Heaving left out these miracles was a deliberate plot by Muhammad to discard any miracles of Jesus that would cause his later reader to doubt if Jesus was really who he said he was - the Son of God!

These `nature miracles' showed the extend of the power that Jesus had. Surely a mere prophet could not have power over nature - for only God controls nature! Only God has power over nature. Realizing this, Muhammad had no choice, I think, but to discard these miracles from his writings. Finally, the one greatest difference between Islam and Christianity, is the Muslims denial of the Miracle of the RESURRECTION! This one miracle superseded all other miracles in Jesus' life, even the miracle of the virgin birth. This one miracle is the very foundation upon which the whole of Christendom is built. It is the greatest miracle the world will ever know!

Yet this is the miracle that is explicitly denied in the Quranic Scriptures! Islam denied the greatest miracle of all. The denial of this miracle is the saddest thing that ever happens in the Islamic world! Hence, once again we see that the Jesus of the Quran cannot be reconciled with the Christ of the Bible - they are two different people.

JESUS IS THE SON OF GOD.

Islam openly denies that Jesus is the Son of God. The passage in Surah 3,35_60 gives details about the birth of Mary herself and of John, son of Zechariah repeating that Jesus is, like Adam, only man!

The fact that God has a son, cannot be grasped by Muslin,the Q an confinn~. this fact.

`Creator of the heaven and the earth! How an he have a son when he was no consort' (Surah 6,1 O 1 ).

The same statement is repeated in Surah 12,3. In fact the Muslims go : r as to say that `the greatest unpardonable sin' is to say that Allah has a Son:

`The Christians say that the Messiah is the son of Allah... Allah's curse be upon them' (Surah 9,30).

The parallel to this verse is also found in Surah 10,63

"Because Islam denies Jesus as the Christ", says Malan (1997;26) , "They cannot know the Father who revealed Himself to the world though His Son (John 3:16). To reject the son, therefore, implicitly means to reject the Father who made Himself known through His only begotten son (see John 5:23, John 8:19, l John 2:22)."

Supporting Malan's argument, Gilchrist (1999:90) adds, "What to the Christians is the foundation of their belief - that Jesus Christ is God's own Son who alone could redeem us from our sins and take us into heaven - is to the Muslim one of the greatest expressions of unbelief and the one which, more than any other, is likely to keep them out of heaven."

"The title `Son of God' was not invented by disciples" says Shenk (1981:128), "nor do I think was it a fabrication in the minds of the early church! Twice in Jesus' ministry this title is given to Him from God the Father. Once at his baptism (Lk 3:22) the voice of God from heaven was heard and another time on the "Mount of Transfiguration' from a cloud of Glory (Lk 9:35) the voice of God confirmed the sonship of Jesus Christ.Hence denying the sonship of Jesus Christ is calling God the Father a liar?"

I BELIEVE IN THE TRINITY.

I agree with Watt (1991; 22) that the denial of the DIVINITY OF JESUS is made in several passages in the Quran, and with it is a denial of the TRINITY. The chief Quranic passages for defence are found in Surah 4:171, 5,76f; 5,116f. It is in passages like the above and others like Surah 5,73 5,75 and 6,101 that the doctrine of the Trinity out-rightly denied!

But there is good reason for their denial - since the `Trinity' in the Muslim mind supposedly consist of Jesus Christ, Mary His mother, and Allah!

I therefore must agree with Gilchrist (1997;88) that the Quran has clearly mistaken the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and represented it as a `three-some' of Jesus, Mary and Allah. It is most significant to find Allah described only as the third person of these three. In the Christian doctrine of the Triune God the Father at least has first place!

The idea that Mary was one of the Trinity, says Watt (1991:23), may have come from an obscure set of Collgridians, heard of in Arabia more than two centuries before Muhammad. It is said that in some Semitic languages the word for Spirit is feminine. The Quran also seems to assume that Christians understood `son' in a purely physical sense _if so than Gilchrist is correct by stating that Muhammad confused the Christian doctrine of the Trinity with the Egyptians gods, Osiris (father), Isis (mother) and Horus (son) (1991 :80).

I must be honest _ it is not easy to understand or to explain the Christian doctrine of the Trinity. For me, the doctrine of the Trinity is not there to be explained rationally, it is there for us to accept and believe!

By accepting Jesus Christ as my Saviour and believing that He is the Son of God - it makes it easier to accept the Trinity. The Triune God cannot be explained RATIONALLY.

Muslims on the other hand are rational people. Hence they will seek for a rational explanation of the Trinity. And since there is no rational explanation, the Muslin mind will still be both unsatisfied and unbelieving.

JESUS DIED BY CRUCIFIXION AND ROSE AGAIN ON THE THIRD DAY!

'The death and crucifixion of Jesus is out rightly denied and reject in the Muslim world. By getting away with denying the crucifixion of Jesus, Muslims have avoided having to answer any questions concerning Jesus' resurrection! Yet, I will prove later in this article that the Quran itself has much evidence for both the death and resurrection of Jesus.

Muslins that were interviewed about the crucifixion and salvation gave some of the following answers:

1. The cross leads to impiety, because if this is the way salvation, then no matter how wicked a person is he finds deliverance through the cross and will never be punished for his / her sins

2. It is opposed to reason.

3. The cross is opposed to both the mercy and justice of God, to his mercy because He allowed Christ to suffer, being innocent, without delivering

Him, and to his justice in allowing those who crucified Him to go unpunished.

JESUS DIED ON THE CROSS.

Allow me now to do an exposition of some Quranic text to prove the death and crucifixion of Jesus.

The Muslin key text to deny the death of Jesus is found in Surah 4:15 7 "that they said in boast `We killed Christ Jesus, the Son of Mary, the apostle of God'.

But they killed him not! Nor crucified him..'

This passage is directed against the Jews, and asserts that they did not kill Jesus; In a sense this is true, since the crucifixions was the work of Roman soldiers' (Watt 1991:22). There are two places in the Quran that clearly shows that Jesus would die:

`Peace be on him the day he was born and the day he DIES." Surah 19,15

This Quranic verse proofs decisively the death of Jesus. Concerning this verse the Quran expositor Muhammad Asad (1980:458) remains silent! While expositor Yusuf Ali (1934:770) just comments: `Peace and God's blessings were on him when he was born and, they continue when he is ABOUT TO DIE an unjust death at the hands of a tyrant;

`About to die ` this is NOT what this verse says!

In another verse, Jesus speaks these words himself `So pea ~ is oI~ :c, the day I was born and the day that I DIE..' (19,33).

Again, Muhammad Asad (p.p. 461 ) is silenced by the Quran! Yusuf Ali (p.p.774) merely says `Christ was not crucified.' But those who believe that he never died should ponder over this verse."

I have pondered over this verse, and I came to Quran proves the death of Jesus.

THE SUBSTITUTION THEORY IN THE QURAN

This theory is based on one Quranic verse, yet accept by c billion Muslims!


` . . . They killed Him not, nor crucified him, BUT SO IT WAS MADE TO APPEAR TO THEM.." (Surah 4,157).

This theory concluded that Allah arrange a divine escape for Jesus and another person was crucified on the cross in the place of Jesus.

Was it Judas Iscariot, Barabas or Simon of Cyrene. Suffice to say here, the Quranic commentator Yusuf Ali (1934:230) has only this to say: "there is difference of opinions as to the exact interpretations of this verse."

Secondly, if it were any other person on that cross beside, Jesus, would it not be obvious that his own mother Mary, her sister Mary the wife of Clopas, and two of his closest disciples Mary Magdalene and John the son of Zebedee who were `standing by the cross of Jesus" (Joh 19:25) would notice the difference! What about those who buried him, washed his body with spices and layed it in the tomb! Would they have not seen the difference!

Thirdly, if this substitution theory is true, than God has just deceived billions of Christians! If the man crucified was made to look like Jesus (by Allah) can you blame his disciples for actually thinking it was him? Can Muslims blame us Christians for believing the disciples? I agree one hundred percent with Gilchrist ( 1991:121 ) that if this theory is true, than this theory makes God the source of the greatest deception in religious history!

The `substitution theory ` of Islams, I think, needs to really be substituted for the real biblical message of the cross!

THE TRUTH OF THE RESURRECTION.

While Muslims will deny the resurrection of Jesus, the Quran I believe, ironically affirms the resurrection of Jesus in the following Surahs: "Behold God said: O Jesus. I will take and RAISE THEE to Myself.." Surah 3,55

"May, God RAISED HIM UP to Himself. . . " Surah 4,158

While the Quran states clearly `I will RAISE YOU UP'

Muslim commentators very confidently overlook the literal meaning and as usual in a case like this seek for a more symbolic meaning to satisfy their own understanding!


The expositor Yusuf Ali (1934:230) states that the word `RAISE UP°' is the Arabic word `rafa' a' meaning to honor. Al-Tusi says the word means to `exalt' or `glorify' (rufia), while Umar (second Caliph) say `I will raise (rafi uka) you' means to `raise in ranks of paradise' (in Mc Auliffe 1991:140.145).


It seems as if Muslim scholar only give symbolic meanings to words when it suits them. For example in the Surah 19,33 `Peace is on me the day I was born, the day that I die and the day I shall be raised up'

The word `born' is interpreted literally, and so is the word `die' but the word `raised' suddenly has a symbolic meaning! Is there something that the Muslims are afraid we might see?

THE TIME LINE OF JESUS

Let us have another look at the above verse and its parallel, and interpret in the light of the `time line of Jesus.'

`Peace be on him, the day he was born, the day that he dies and the day that he will be raised up to life again" Surah 19,15

"So peace is on me, the day I was born, the day that I die the day that I shall be raised up to life again" Surah 19,33.

For a better understanding of these verses allow me to put it in a diagram:
_________________________________________________________________________ý

BORN DIED RAISED UP TO LIFE

Common sense will tell you that firstly Jesus was born,

Secondly Jesus died and finally Jesus was raised up Alive to heaven. The only way a person can be raised up (resurrection) is for that person to first die!

But if one wants to deny the resurrection, one can than change this` time line' to suit one's own understanding. This is exactly what Muslims have done. They read one thing in the Quran (Fig I) and interpret it to mean something completely different, like this:
_________________________________________________________________________ý

BIRTH RAISED UP DIED

Muslims argue that Jesus was first raised up to heaven - He will return again and thereafter die! This leads me to my next subject of discussion `Where does Jesus fit in Islamic Eschatology?

JESUS AND THE FUTURE.

"According to Muslim tradition", says Parrinder (1965:123) "it is thought that Jesus will come again to restore all things and reign as a just king, and it seems that it was affected by early Christian hopes of a second advent." Although this is no explicit Quranic proof of the exact event surrounding his second coming, the Mufti A. H. Flias, nevertheless writes extensively on this subject.

Much of the writings of A.H. Elias (1995) it seems are written from a compilation of various Muslim tradition. Islamic eschatology differs vastly from Biblical eschatology.

For starters I disagree with Elias (p.p. 5) that Jesus would reign for 40 years and during this time he will get married and have children. Elias (p.p. 5) also states that Jesus will remove all worship of the cross and wipe out Christianity _ this is not only unbiblical but also obscured, since Jesus is the founder and head of Christendom!

Elias (p.p.6) also accepts some biblical facts likes `the lamb and the lion that will live together' during the reign of God. However, the eschatology propagate by Elias makes no differentiation between fact and fable and He cannot back up anything he says with either Quranic Surahs or even Biblical verses!

The Islamic eschatological figure (Isa) cannot be the same as the Biblical eschatological figure (Jesus). Both the events surrounding the second coming and the activities of the Messiah differ vastly between Islam and Christianity!

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, allow me to use Kennth Cragg's (1985:235) masterful comparison between the Quran's Isa and the Christ of the New Testament.

"Consider the Quranic Jesus alongside the New Testament. How sadly attenuated is this Christians prophet as Islam knows him! Where are the stirring words, the deep insight, the gracious deeds, the compelling qualities of him who was called the Master? The mystery of his self - consciousness as the Messiah is unsuspected, the tender, searching intimacy of his relationship to the disciples undiscovered. Where is `the way the truth, and the life' in this abridgment? Where are the words from the cross in a Jesus for whom Judas suffered? Where is the triumph of the resurrection from an empty grave? There is in the Quran neither Galilee nor Gethsemane, neither Nazareth nor Olivet. Even Bethlehem is unknown by name and the story of its greatest night is remote and strange.

Is the Sermon on the Mount never to be heard in the Muslim world? Must the story of the Good Samaritan never be told there? Must the simple, human narrative of the prodical son never mirror the essence of waywardness and forgiveness?"

What all these pages prove is that there cannot be any reconciliation between Islam’s 'Isa' and Christianity's Jesus of Nazareth. However, our similarities about Jesus could become our doors for dialogue - But dialogue with the aim of presenting Jesus as the Son of God and the Saviour of the world! Anything less than this is nothing but sheer compromise.

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